Individualized adjustments to reference phantom internal organ dosimetry—scaling factors given knowledge of patient external anatomy

RADAR reference adult, pediatric, and pregnant female phantom series for internal and external dosimetry.

UNLABELLED A new generation of reference computational phantoms, based on image-based models tied to the reference masses defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for dose calculations, is presented. METHODS Anatomic models based on nonuniform rational b-spline modeling techniques were used to define reference male and female adults, 15-y-olds, 10-y-olds, 5-y-...

Development of Iranian Adult Female Reference Phantom for Internal Dosimetry Calculations

Estimation of organ doses in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine procedures is an area of particular concern for radiation protection, in all over the world. The stylized computational phantoms have contributed significantly to radiation dosimetry in nuclear medicine; however, their simplified treatment of human anatomy is being criticized. Due to the fact that the ICRP adult reference ...

Internal and external regulation of plant organ stoichiometry.

Internal differences between plant organs are caused by the functional differentiation of plant tissue, whereas external supply rates of elements constrain nutrient uptake. Previous studies have concentrated on foliar or whole-plant stoichiometric response to the environment, whereas investigation of organ-specific comparisons is still pending. We explore C:N:P ratios of stems, leaves, diaspore...

External and Internal Knowledge in Organizations

External and Internal Factors in Sexual Activity

There is a seasonal cycle of sexual activity for all species of birds. It is more or less pronounced according to the species, and it is primarily controlled by the external factor of light, the daily duration and intensity of which vary during -the year, the minimum amount of light being present on December 21, while the maximum is reached on June 21 in the northern hemisphere. Rowan54 was the...